Image via WikipediaTaking a week off to recharge the batteries.
New posts will begin again on January 3, 2012
Best wishes to all for a healthy and happy New Year!
Monday, December 26, 2011
Happy New Year!
Image via WikipediaTaking a week off to recharge the batteries.
New posts will begin again on January 3, 2012
Best wishes to all for a healthy and happy New Year!
Friday, December 23, 2011
Planning the Ideal Town
Planning the Perfect Place - From Scratch (Tim Halbur, Planetizen, Nov. 28, 2011)
Claude Lewenz on VillageTowns (6 min video)
How would you design a town if you started from scratch? This is the question and challenge that faced Claude Lewenz after he decided that his native USA was not ready and decided to go to New Zealand to live. Today we review an interview that Tim Halbur had with Mr. Lewenz which highlights some of his guiding principles to create a sustainable community in both economic and social respects. This starts with the intelligent design of small self-sustaining communities.
Key Quotes:
"what would happen if we use architecture and design so that the problems didn’t grow, and eventually died out? That we actually use design rather than rules or rather than taxpayers' money or all this nonsense"
"enable people and communities to provide for their social, economic, and cultural well-being while protecting and persevering the environment and the life giving forces of earth, water, sky, and ecosystems for now and for the foreseeable needs of future generations." [stated purpose of New Zealand’s resource management act)
“when a community gets over 150 people, people don't know each other anymore…if you have a community of 1,200 people you can only support one general store there…You need 5-10,000 people to have a local economy. That's where this concept of village-town came from”
"when several villages come together to become self-supporting, the purpose of their continuance is to enable their people, their citizens, to enjoy a good life"
“I’m a big fan of cafe, tavern, "taberna" type lifestyle where, especially in Eurppe you go to a place and the food’s inexpensive, fantastic tasting, and it isn’t like going out to dine, where you have to spend $100 and can't do that very often”
Claude Lewenz on VillageTowns (6 min video)
How would you design a town if you started from scratch? This is the question and challenge that faced Claude Lewenz after he decided that his native USA was not ready and decided to go to New Zealand to live. Today we review an interview that Tim Halbur had with Mr. Lewenz which highlights some of his guiding principles to create a sustainable community in both economic and social respects. This starts with the intelligent design of small self-sustaining communities.
Key Quotes:
"what would happen if we use architecture and design so that the problems didn’t grow, and eventually died out? That we actually use design rather than rules or rather than taxpayers' money or all this nonsense"
"enable people and communities to provide for their social, economic, and cultural well-being while protecting and persevering the environment and the life giving forces of earth, water, sky, and ecosystems for now and for the foreseeable needs of future generations." [stated purpose of New Zealand’s resource management act)
“when a community gets over 150 people, people don't know each other anymore…if you have a community of 1,200 people you can only support one general store there…You need 5-10,000 people to have a local economy. That's where this concept of village-town came from”
"when several villages come together to become self-supporting, the purpose of their continuance is to enable their people, their citizens, to enjoy a good life"
“I’m a big fan of cafe, tavern, "taberna" type lifestyle where, especially in Eurppe you go to a place and the food’s inexpensive, fantastic tasting, and it isn’t like going out to dine, where you have to spend $100 and can't do that very often”
Related articles
- Erie Region Gets $1.8 Million 'Sustainable Communities' Grant (progresspennsylvania.wordpress.com)
- Tactical Urbanists Brighten Cities With Renegade Decor (sustainablecitiescollective.com)
- 9 Odd Towns And Villages (presurfer.blogspot.com)
Thursday, December 22, 2011
Freeways: divide and pollute cities today - greenspace tomorrow?
Image via WikipediaAre freeways doomed? -Several cities are tearing down highways, creating bold new public spaces -- and building a future without cars (Dream City, Nov. 30, 2011)Also discussed here: Carmageddon - Complete coverage of the 405 freeway closure during July 16-18 (Los Angeles Times, Aug. 2, 2011)
Video: A time-lapse of the Mulholland Drive bridge demolition
A number of cities in the USA have seen the light and replaced expensive, ineffective, polluting freeways that divide communities with parks and tourist vistas that unite them. The article under review today summarizes the situation across the country in recent days from New jersey to San Francisco to New York to Minneapolis. Soon many more will reap the benefits and quality of life that freewayless cities such as Vancouver BC have enjoyed for years.
Bottom line “Improved traffic flow, fewer roads to maintain, nicer neighborhoods — what’s not to love?”
Key Quotes:
“The drive to tear down the huge freeways that many blame for the inner-city blight of the ’60s and ’70s is one of the most dramatic signs of the new urban order”
“For some cities, this means a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reclaim a vast amount of downtown land and turn it into the public space of their dreams”
- “Trenton, N.J….is looking at converting the four-lane highway that runs along the Delaware River into a vibrant waterfront of parks and buildings”
- “as New Orleans implements a new master plan for the city following Hurricane Katrina, anything seems possible — including a pitch to tear down the Claiborne Expressway, the freeway that divided several of the city’s historically black neighborhoods when it was erected decades ago.. It would also reunite the neighborhoods the freeway divided, allowing residents of the north side to benefit from the south side’s proximity to the French Quarter.”
- “San Francisco .. demolished the bay-adjacent double-decker Embarcadero Freeway after it was damaged in an earthquake. Today, the area .. has evolved from a forbidding dead zone to a bustling waterfront and tourist magnet”
- “New York is studying plans to tear down the Sheridan, which runs along the Bronx River”
Related articles
- How Freeways Came About from Cities Designed for Cars (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- The Case for Tearing Down Urban Freeways (forbes.com)
- Mid-Town Freeways, Sprawl and Quality of Life (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- 7 of 10 most congested freeway segments are here (laobserved.com)
- Do Freeways Deter Development? (andrewsullivan.thedailybeast.com)
- Freeways: Speed vs. Throughput (forbes.com)
- Chuck Schumer on Niagara Falls Highway: "Tear Down This Road" (streetsblog.org)
- The Problem With Urban Freeways (thinkprogress.org)
- The Arrogance of Suburbia (forbes.com)
- Do Freeways Deter Development? (pinkbananaworld.com)
- Overnight closures for 60, 5 and 405 freeways (latimesblogs.latimes.com)
- Freeway explosion: Crumbling bridge 'definitely coming down' (latimesblogs.latimes.com)
- Safety of California freeways under question (abclocal.go.com)
Wednesday, December 21, 2011
Road Noise from Motor Vehicles in Europe
Image via Wikipedia
Image by Getty Images via @daylifeProposal for a Regulation on the Sound Level of Motor Vehicles (12 gage pdf, Commission Staff Working Paper- Executive Summary of the Impact Assessment, Dec. 9, 2011)Also discussed here: EU Would Quiet Vehicles to Benefit Public Health (Environment News Service, Dec. 12, 2011)
The focus today is on a new proposal to reduce by 25% the vehicle noise which impacts the health of almost 21 million citizens of European cities. Past efforts to accomplish this have little success because of the introduction of wider noiser tires, increasing urban traffic and the slow transition from noisy to more modern quieter vehicles- despite the advent of electric vehicles which are soundless (but represent less than 5% of the cars on the road) . The situation is summed up by this quote: "After air pollution, noise is the biggest environmental health problem in Europe".
Key Quotes:
“The European Commission Friday adopted a proposal to reduce the noise produced by cars, vans, buses, coaches, light and heavy trucks by some 25 percent over five years”
“European vehicle noise emissions limits have not changed since 1996, despite increasing traffic.. which negatively affects almost half of European citizens, around 210 million people”
“almost 67 million people (i.e. 55 % of the population living in agglomerations with more than 250 000 inhabitants) are exposed to daily road noise levels exceeding 55 dB.. Almost 21 million people (i.e. 17 % of the population living in urban agglomerations) live in areas where night-time road noise levels have detrimental effects on health”
“The exposure of people to traffic noise can be reduced in different ways: through reducing noise limits at the source, .. or through other indirect measures such as tax relief schemes for environmentally friendly investments ., standards for acquisition of quiet delivery vehicles … traffic restrictions.. rerouting and speed restrictions or noise abatement solutions (noise barriers, quiet road surfaces, façade insulation)”
"It's far cheaper to add readily-available noise reducing technology to vehicles than for cash-strapped local authorities to spend millions on noise barriers along roads. The benefits outweigh the costs by 20 to 1, so there is no excuse for inaction."
Related articles
- Health Impacts from Road Traffic and Railway Noise (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- The cars of the future: could they sound like this? (confused.com)
- AZ Sees Initial Results on Noise Study (myfoxphoenix.com)
- Both electric and petrol cars get louder (eta.co.uk)
- Noise blighted resident blasts transport bosses (bucksfreepress.co.uk)
- Noise Pollution (bhushanshirgaonkars.wordpress.com)
- Calgary ready to adopt sound-activated noise camera to automatically ticket loud vehicles (autoblog.com)
Tuesday, December 20, 2011
Global Overview of Health Impacts from Particulate Matter
Premature Mortality and Particulate Matter: A Critical Challenge in Urban Management - A Global Perspective on Effects, Placed in an Asian Context (57 page pdf slides, Bob O’Keefe, Sixth Regional EST Forum in Asia, New Delhi, India, Nov. 9, 2011)
Today, we review the keynote address to The Sixth Regional EST Forum in Asia,sponsored by the World Health Organization with the Theme: Sustainable Mobility. The author provided highlights of recent research into the health impact associated with air pollution, pointing out the risks of proximity (within 300-500 m) of most urban populations to traffic.
Key Quotes:
*High levels of PM (> 500 μ/m3) known to cause premature death. Studies in US, Europe, elsewhere have found association of PM with mortality at much lower levels (<50μ/m3); No evidence of a “threshold” (safe level)”
“Estimates impact of urban outdoor air pollution worldwide:~795,000 premature deaths per year attributable to PM air pollution in Asian cities”
“• Highest exposures 300-500 meters from major roads - Growing evidence of effects, especially asthma exacerbation in children”
“Who is most at risk from premature mortality from PM Exposure?
• Highest effects generally seen among: Older, frail members of society; Those with preexisting heart or lung disease
Highest PM effects for Heart disease (18% - 24% increase in risk per 10 μg/m3PM2.5)”
Today, we review the keynote address to The Sixth Regional EST Forum in Asia,sponsored by the World Health Organization with the Theme: Sustainable Mobility. The author provided highlights of recent research into the health impact associated with air pollution, pointing out the risks of proximity (within 300-500 m) of most urban populations to traffic.
Key Quotes:
*High levels of PM (> 500 μ/m3) known to cause premature death. Studies in US, Europe, elsewhere have found association of PM with mortality at much lower levels (<50μ/m3); No evidence of a “threshold” (safe level)”
“Estimates impact of urban outdoor air pollution worldwide:~795,000 premature deaths per year attributable to PM air pollution in Asian cities”
“• Highest exposures 300-500 meters from major roads - Growing evidence of effects, especially asthma exacerbation in children”
- In Los Angeles, 44% of population live in the maximum zone of impact of major roads
- in Delhi: New HEI Analysis: 55% of the Population within 500 meters of a highway; 50 meters of a major road
- in Beijing: New HEI Analysis: 76% of the Population within 500 meters of a highway; 50 meters of a major road”
- Sufficient evidence that exposure to traffic can cause exacerbation of asthma, especially in children
- Suggestive evidence for other health effects (premature mortality, lung function, respiratory symptoms, and others)
- But only limited evidence of effects for: Adult onset asthma; Health care utilization; COPD; Non-asthmatic allergy; Birth outcomes; Cancers”
“Who is most at risk from premature mortality from PM Exposure?
• Highest effects generally seen among: Older, frail members of society; Those with preexisting heart or lung disease
Highest PM effects for Heart disease (18% - 24% increase in risk per 10 μg/m3PM2.5)”
Related articles
- Clare Nasir: Air Pollution in the UK - Taking Years Off Our Lives (huffingtonpost.co.uk)
- Surprising Sources of Delhi's Air Pollution (india.blogs.nytimes.com)
- Large dairies, feed lots linked to air pollution (seattletimes.nwsource.com)
- Which Sources of Fine Particulates Have the Most Health Impacts? (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Death-by-Air in Beijing Exposes Pollution's Untold Heart Risk (businessweek.com)
- Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Created Urban City Air Pollution Levels (planetsave.com)
- What is the Better Indicator of Health Impacts from Particles- Black Carbon or PM? (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Cities of World Ranked by Exposure to Particulates (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Delhi's air as dirty as ever despite some reforms (thehimalayantimes.com)
- Flemish air quality improved (expatica.com)
Monday, December 19, 2011
Proximity to Traffic, Autism and Impacts on the Brain
The Hidden Toll of Traffic Jams - Scientists Increasingly Link Vehicle Exhaust With Brain-Cell Damage, Higher Rates of Autism
(Robert Lee Hotz , Wall Street Journal, Nov. 8, 2011)
Also discussed here: Autism Increase May Be Blamed On Increased Traffic Fumes (The Autism Newswire)
And here: Increased Rates of Neurocognitive Issues Linked to High Traffic Areas (Carolyn Drake, HCP Live, Nov. 30, 2011)
And here: Rush-Hour Read: The Link Between Traffic Congestion and Health (Daniel Lippman, The Infrastructurist, Nov. 9, 2011)
Today, we return to a review of studies on the health impacts on the brain for those who breathe air near traffic. The studies indicate that the while the vehicle emissions affect everyone for periods as short as 30 minutes, impacts near traffic include the intelligence and emotional stability of children and the brain activity of seniors. There is evidence also that congestion pricing’s role in improving air quality has beneficial health impacts.
Key Quotes
“New public-health studies and laboratory experiments suggest that, at every stage of life, traffic fumes exact a measurable toll on mental capacity, intelligence and emotional stability. There are more and more scientists trying to find whether and why exposure to traffic exhaust can damage the human brain”
“Traffic fumes from some major L.A. freeways reached up to 1.5 miles downwind—10 times farther than previously believed”
"There are more and more scientists trying to find whether and why exposure to traffic exhaust can damage the human brain,"
“an individual breathing street-level fumes for just 30 minutes will experience more intense electrical activity in brain regions accountable for behavior, personality, and decision-making—a change that is normally an indication of stress, they stated”
“an elderly individual breathing normal city air with high levels of traffic exhaust for 90 days could suffer alterations to how his/her genes turn on or off”
“the intelligence and emotional stability of children residing in areas affected by high levels of emissions…such children scored worse on IQ tests and were more prone to depression, anxiety, and attention issues than children who lived in areas with cleaner air"
“children born to mothers who resided within 1,000 feet of a major road or freeway in Los Angeles, San Francisco, or Sacramento were twice as likely to be autistic”
“areas around highway toll plazas [in New Jersey, USA] dropped 10.8% after the introduction of E-ZPass, which eased traffic congestion and reduced exhaust fumes, according to reports published in scientific journals this year and in 2009.”
(Robert Lee Hotz , Wall Street Journal, Nov. 8, 2011)
Also discussed here: Autism Increase May Be Blamed On Increased Traffic Fumes (The Autism Newswire)
And here: Increased Rates of Neurocognitive Issues Linked to High Traffic Areas (Carolyn Drake, HCP Live, Nov. 30, 2011)
And here: Rush-Hour Read: The Link Between Traffic Congestion and Health (Daniel Lippman, The Infrastructurist, Nov. 9, 2011)
Today, we return to a review of studies on the health impacts on the brain for those who breathe air near traffic. The studies indicate that the while the vehicle emissions affect everyone for periods as short as 30 minutes, impacts near traffic include the intelligence and emotional stability of children and the brain activity of seniors. There is evidence also that congestion pricing’s role in improving air quality has beneficial health impacts.
Key Quotes
“New public-health studies and laboratory experiments suggest that, at every stage of life, traffic fumes exact a measurable toll on mental capacity, intelligence and emotional stability. There are more and more scientists trying to find whether and why exposure to traffic exhaust can damage the human brain”
“Traffic fumes from some major L.A. freeways reached up to 1.5 miles downwind—10 times farther than previously believed”
"There are more and more scientists trying to find whether and why exposure to traffic exhaust can damage the human brain,"
“an individual breathing street-level fumes for just 30 minutes will experience more intense electrical activity in brain regions accountable for behavior, personality, and decision-making—a change that is normally an indication of stress, they stated”
“an elderly individual breathing normal city air with high levels of traffic exhaust for 90 days could suffer alterations to how his/her genes turn on or off”
“the intelligence and emotional stability of children residing in areas affected by high levels of emissions…such children scored worse on IQ tests and were more prone to depression, anxiety, and attention issues than children who lived in areas with cleaner air"
“children born to mothers who resided within 1,000 feet of a major road or freeway in Los Angeles, San Francisco, or Sacramento were twice as likely to be autistic”
“areas around highway toll plazas [in New Jersey, USA] dropped 10.8% after the introduction of E-ZPass, which eased traffic congestion and reduced exhaust fumes, according to reports published in scientific journals this year and in 2009.”
Related articles
- Traffic fumes cause brain damage, autism? (junkscience.com)
- Report: Traffic jams and exhaust linked to autism, brain cell damage (autoblog.com)
- The Health Toll of Traffic Jams (online.wsj.com)
- Health Toll of Traffic (online.wsj.com)
- Why Traffic Jams Are Bad for Your Health (online.wsj.com)
- Traffic Makes Us Dumber: Scientists Say Car Exhaust Causes Brain Damage (treehugger.com)
- Traffic Jams: Poison for the Brain (newser.com)
- Traffic jams are bad for your health - really (laobserved.com)
- Traffic causes autism? (junkscience.com)
- Carbon monoxide... can be good for you? (junkscience.com)
- Too Many Brain Cells Are Sign of Autism (tricitypsychology.com)
- The Limits of Congestion Pricing (earthgarage.com)
- The Thinking Person's Guide to Autism: The Book (leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk)
Friday, December 16, 2011
Tolls, Congestion and HOT Lanes in Canadian Cities
Image via WikipediaCongestive Traffic Failure: The Case for High-Occupancy and Express Toll Lanes in Canadian Cities (9 page pdf, Benjamin Dachis, C.D. Howe Institute, Aug. 31, 2011)Also discussed here: Think Tank proposes HOT lanes for Vancouver, Calgary and Montreal (Road Pricing, Nov. 2, 2011)
The difficulty on introducing tolls as urban cities become more and more clogged with traffic is addressed in the report reviewed today which suggests high-occupancy toll ( HOT) lanes for Canada’s five largest cities. HOT lanes could generate more than $1 B/ year in much needed net revenue in these cities where congestion costs more than $5 Billion or $410 per capita pm average.
Key Quotes:
“Canada’s urban highways are choked with congestion because road access is free and scarce road space is occupied by drivers who wait, albeit grumpily, in traffic”
“governments have chosen to build carpool lanes on urban highways, despite evidence that these lanes have limited effectiveness in curbing congestion”
“Governments should instead convert existing and planned carpool lanes to high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes, giving drivers a choice of whether to use them or free lanes.. improve travel time reliability, increasehighway capacity and potentially reduce congestion on un-tolled lanes”
“congestion in Vancouver cost C$927 million per annum ..which comes to C$466 per capita”
“allowing vehicles to use the network by paying a toll akin to C$0.23 per km at peak times and half that at the off peak - to match the Toronto 407 toll road rates.. would generate C$81 million per annum in revenue.”
“taxes on fuel and ownership only cover 53% of road infrastructure costs”
“The political dilemma of pricing what were previously free lanes has hitherto stymied road toll proposals. By preserving a non-toll option, HOT and express lanes provide the solution. They can achieve the benefits of road pricing, while still being politically palatable, since drivers have the choice to drive for free in adjacent lanes”
Related articles
- Slugging: Bringing Casual Carpooling to the North Bay (thegreatermarin.wordpress.com)
- HOT lanes' first rush hour Monday (ajc.com)
- State's HOT lane request denied by feds (ajc.com)
- 100,000th Peach Pass issued for controversial HOT lanes (ajc.com)
- Atlanta traffic: HOT lanes mostly empty on first commute (ajc.com)
- Gov. Deal lowers HOT lane fees for I-85 in Gwinnett (ajc.com)
- Most wouldn't use high-occupancy lanes (autonetinsurance.co.uk)
- Canadians willing to pay road tolls, poll suggests (cbc.ca)
Thursday, December 15, 2011
Making Paris Mobile in a Cleaner Environment
]The greening of Paris
( Manisha Gutman, The Hindu,Feb. 3, 2008)
Also discussed here: Slowth (Eric Britton, World Streets, Mar. 9, 2009)
Paris received an award recently for its Mobility Plan which was aimed at replacing its car culture with other and less polluting forms of transportation, including innovative bicycle and car sharing schemes, extensive information communication systems making known the availability of the alternatives and improved public transit based on the concept of “slowth”, not fast and growth.
Key Quotes:
“In a dense urban context, cars are the most inefficient system of transport, creating traffic jams and needing more and more parking space. The car culture in the city had to be replaced by alternative systems of transport”
“Priorities of the New Mobility plan for Paris:
- improving air quality and public health, with an emphasis on reducing carbon emissions.
- mobility had to be improved not only for the rich few, but for all, overcoming barriers of physical and economic handicaps.
- creating a beautiful city remained a priority.
- rejuvenate economic vitality, supporting commerce and tourism.
- regional solidarity, uniting the two million people who live within the city limits with the 12 million that live around the city, in the larger region of the Ile-de-France”
““autopartage” — public cars that can be hired successively by different users to cover different routes”
“a traffic system based on slowth is carefully calibrated to lower top speeds , but the entire system leads to far steadier flows and throughput, and, with it, greater safety, lower emissions, and higher quality of life all around”
Related articles
- Autolib: as successful as the Velib? Place your bet! (littlemeparis.com)
- Paris launches electric car scheme (telegraph.co.uk)
- Paris, Velib Bicycles, TERRIFIC (blogoath.wordpress.com)
- Bubble car self-service scheme launches in Paris (guardian.co.uk)
Wednesday, December 14, 2011
How Expensive are Roads Built only for Cars?
Combating the Myth That Complete Streets Are Too Expensive (Tanya Snyder, World Streets DC, Dec. 8, 2011)
Also discussed here: National Complete Steets Coalition
Today we look at reasons to build streets for uses other than driving (such as cycling and walking) and find that this is not only economical but also adds to the overall quality of life for cities that take this approach. Making roads more narrow for driving also reduces costs.
Key Quotes:
“Do you put on your walking boots only to find that your city’s street design conveys the message, ‘These roads were made for driving?’”
“Sidewalks will turn out to be somewhere around 3 percent of that compilation of costs.. Bicycle lanes, around 5 percent — and that’s adding bicycle lanes, of course, to both sides of the street…reducing the width of a lane by a foot can reduce the costs by 2 percent.”
“In many cases, by accommodating road uses that take up less space than automobiles, cities can reduce the need for road and intersection widening later”
Also discussed here: National Complete Steets Coalition
Today we look at reasons to build streets for uses other than driving (such as cycling and walking) and find that this is not only economical but also adds to the overall quality of life for cities that take this approach. Making roads more narrow for driving also reduces costs.
Key Quotes:
“Do you put on your walking boots only to find that your city’s street design conveys the message, ‘These roads were made for driving?’”
“Sidewalks will turn out to be somewhere around 3 percent of that compilation of costs.. Bicycle lanes, around 5 percent — and that’s adding bicycle lanes, of course, to both sides of the street…reducing the width of a lane by a foot can reduce the costs by 2 percent.”
“In many cases, by accommodating road uses that take up less space than automobiles, cities can reduce the need for road and intersection widening later”
Related articles
- Lo, and the Bicyclist Shall Talk with the Car Driver (timesunion.com)
- A vision for city as cyclist's paradise (boston.com)
- Bike Lanes too costly? (bikefriendlyoc.wordpress.com)
- Modular Bike Paths - The Bicycle Road is Designed to Make Cycling in Big Cities Safer (TrendHunter.com) (trendhunter.com)
- Cycling to work to become Moscow's reality (rt.com)
- The Porshe bike RS: Its most expensive part? The badge on the front (independent.co.uk)
Tuesday, December 13, 2011
Health Impacts from Exposure to Emissions from Traffic
Image via WikipediaHealth Update - Association Between Exposure to Traffic and Heart Disease (6 page pdf, Air Resources Board, California Environmental Protection Agency, Feb. 24, 2005)
Today we review a briefing to the California Air Resources Board on the health risks faced by those who travel on or live near freeways. Results “provide evidence for an association between exposure to traffic and its pollutants and increased risk of heart attacks and heart disease risk factors, even in healthy, young adults”.
Key Quotes:
“increased death from heart and lung disease - Particle counts and black carbon increase by a factor of 30 near 405 and 710 freeways”
“There was a rapid decrease in concentration on the downwind side of the freeways to near background levels within about 500 feet”
“for a typical commuter, the in-vehicle exposure to traffic-related pollutants while travelling on freeways can represent more than 50% of their daily exposure to ultrafine PM”
“German investigators focused on residents of Augsburg, a city of about 280,000 residents located near Munich, who experienced nonlethal heart attacks over a two-year period- The risk was greatest – a threefold increase – when traffic exposure occurred one hour before the heart attack”
“Nine healthy North Carolina State Troopers were monitored using real-time electrocardiographs. The volunteers were males ages 23 to 30, non-smokers, and had shifts from 3 pm to midnight- In-vehicle PM2.5 levels were associated with significant changes in markers of inflammation, blood coagulation, and cardiac rhythm, which are possible indicators for increased risk of heart disease”
Related articles
- Fine particle health risks calculated for roughly city size areas in California (nextbigfuture.com)
- Asthma and Heart Disease - Exploring the Link (everydayhealth.com)
- Neighbourhood-Scale Air Pollution Exposure, Walkability and Heart Disease (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Health Risks with Cycling near Traffic (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- The Health Impact of Emissions from Light Traffic (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- EPA Statement on Health Impacts from Roadside NO2 Emissions (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
Monday, December 12, 2011
Pricing Parking Policies and Principles in Delhi, India
Parking Policy for Delhi(126 slides PowerPoint file, Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Dec, 2011)
Also discussed here: Congestion charges around the world - Delhi is planning to introduce a congestion charge, following in the footsteps of Singapore, London, Oslo and Stockholm (Gwyn Topham, The Guardian, Dec. 8, 2011)
Today’s review article comes from Delhi, the 100 year old Capital of India (as of today), where the need for an improved policy toward congestion and parking is proposed to relieve congestion and the amount of space used for parking of the millions of vehicles. Options considered include pricing parking spaces by location and time of day and a congestion charge for vehicles other than public entering the urban core. Many of the policies and approaches would seem to apply to other cities.
Key Quotes:
“A car is allotted 23 sq m for parking. On an average three different car spaces are needed per car in the city, result, the current fleet occupies nearly 9-10 % of Delhi’s geographic area”
“Overall Principles:
- Parking should be managed so that it supports the City’s strategic outcomes for economic development, urban development, transport, environmental, social and recreation, and cultural well being.
- Parking also has the equally important role of supporting a better land transport system for the city that is integrated, safe, responsive and sustainable
- Street space is a scarce resource and priority for use for parking needs to be considered against other uses and depends on the location, type of street, time of day and day of week
- Revenue from parking needs to reflect the parking policy and the city’s strategic direction. Pricing is an effective tool in maintaining a certain level of availability of the on-street spaces…”
“Introduction of congestion tax in select high density and business district (zones) of the city. Rationalisation of the fee in accordance with the land use and price is to be followed”
“Approaches:
- A variable pricing based on the location of the parking linked to land price is a desirable model: Parking in the centre of city will be costlier than parking in the periphery as the value of the land is different.
- Variable pricing based on hourly basis during the peak hours and lower prices during the off peak periods is recommended.
- Fee collection can be through automated methods or manual means.
- This must be carried out within the guidelines drawn up by the authority.
- Variable parking fee needs to be based on the size and type of vehicle – the larger the vehicle, the fee will be higher.
- The increase of tariff for the number of hours parked will be cumulative scale with every increase of hour parked- the fee will be higher”
Related articles
- MCD budget proposes increased property tax, congestion charges (thehindu.com)
- Delhi drivers to face congestion charge (telegraph.co.uk)
- Does Canada's Largest City Want Congestion Charges? (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Why are City Politicians Nervous when Congestion Charging Comes Up? (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Danish Plans for Road Pricing and Congestion Charging (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Delhi plans congestion charge to ease gridlock (guardian.co.uk)
- CSE lauds MCD proposal to raise parking charges (thehindu.com)
- Congestion charges around the world (guardian.co.uk)
- Experts suggest upping parking rates, slashing free parking to de-congest Delhi (thehindu.com)
- You: Parking pain: City tops choking chart - Times of India (news.google.com)
- Traffic Accidents and Optimum Congestion Charges (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
Friday, December 9, 2011
Health Benefits from Mitigating Climate Change in Transportation
Health co-benefits of climate change mitigation - Transport sector (156 page pdf, Jamie Hosking, Pierpaolo Mudu, Carlos Dora, Health Impact Assessment, World health Organization, Dec., 2011)
Today the focus is on a report issued by the World Health Organization in connection with the Climate Change Conference held at Durban, South Africa. The report examines the positive impacts on health by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation and the advantages and disadvantages of certain strategies such as the results of congestion pricing (positive) or the shift to diesel fuel (negative).
Key Quotes:
“This new WHO report, part of the Health in the Green Economy series, considers the evidence regarding health co-benefits, and risks, of climate change mitigation strategies for transport, as reviewed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”
“Health benefits may include: physical activity from walking and cycling, which can help prevent heart disease, some cancers, type 2 diabetes, and some obesity-related risks; lower urban air pollution concentrations; lower rates of traffic injury risks for users of dedicated bicycle and pedestrian networks; and less noise stress”
“A shift to active transport (walking and cycling) and rapid transit/public transport combined with improved land use can yield much greater immediate health “co-benefits” than improving fuel and vehicle efficiencies”
“Potential health gains of a shift from private motorized transport to walking, cycling and rapid transit/public transport include reduced cardiovascular and respiratory disease from air pollution, less traffic injury and less noise-related stress”
“Shifting from gasoline to diesel vehicles could increase emissions of health-damaging small particulates (PM10, PM2.5)”
“Transport-related health risks now cause the deaths of millions of people annually”
“Congestion charges have reduced emissions by 13–30%, while a subsidy for low carbon fuel has been estimated to reduce emissions by 6%”
Today the focus is on a report issued by the World Health Organization in connection with the Climate Change Conference held at Durban, South Africa. The report examines the positive impacts on health by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation and the advantages and disadvantages of certain strategies such as the results of congestion pricing (positive) or the shift to diesel fuel (negative).
Key Quotes:
“This new WHO report, part of the Health in the Green Economy series, considers the evidence regarding health co-benefits, and risks, of climate change mitigation strategies for transport, as reviewed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”
“Health benefits may include: physical activity from walking and cycling, which can help prevent heart disease, some cancers, type 2 diabetes, and some obesity-related risks; lower urban air pollution concentrations; lower rates of traffic injury risks for users of dedicated bicycle and pedestrian networks; and less noise stress”
“A shift to active transport (walking and cycling) and rapid transit/public transport combined with improved land use can yield much greater immediate health “co-benefits” than improving fuel and vehicle efficiencies”
“Potential health gains of a shift from private motorized transport to walking, cycling and rapid transit/public transport include reduced cardiovascular and respiratory disease from air pollution, less traffic injury and less noise-related stress”
“Shifting from gasoline to diesel vehicles could increase emissions of health-damaging small particulates (PM10, PM2.5)”
“Transport-related health risks now cause the deaths of millions of people annually”
“Congestion charges have reduced emissions by 13–30%, while a subsidy for low carbon fuel has been estimated to reduce emissions by 6%”
Related articles
- Climate Change is the Number One Problem of the e-Decade (edecade.wordpress.com)
- Scottish plan to cut CO2 emissions could cost £11bn, warns watchdog (guardian.co.uk)
- EAC-COMESA-SADC launch five-year climate change initiative / Regional blocs get $20 million to address climate change (appablog.wordpress.com)
- Climate Change Meetings Focus on Adaptation (indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com)
- Climate change mitigation 'out of reach' (chimalaya.org)
- Cycling & Traffic Corridors: Health Risks & Benefits (healthyandsustainable.wordpress.com)
- Climate Change Harms Human Health (thinkprogress.org)
- Durban climate change talks: the final day (guardian.co.uk)
- Durban Dispatch: December 7, 2011 (thinkprogress.org)
Thursday, December 8, 2011
Are Pollution Hotspots Legal in Ontario?
Image via WikipediaPollution, hot spots and environmental justice (Dianne Saxe, Environmental Law and Litigation, Dec. 5, 2011Also discussed here: Pollution, Hot Spots and Environmental Justice (Dianne Saxe, Slaw, Dec. 5, 2011)
Topping the reviews today is a blog post by a lawyer who examines the potential inconsistency of environmental law, as expressed by the 1993 Ontario Environmental Bill of Rights, when applied to varying levels of air pollution across the province. Although she looked only at industrial examples (burning tires and stack emissions), the basic issue presented is whether the law could extend to differences in pollution at the neighbourhood level and, by extension in our mind, to pollution hotspots created by heavy traffic on urban public roads.
Key Quotes:
“Is it acceptable for legal pollution levels to be higher in some neighbourhoods than in others?”
“a Charter challenge … argues that Ministry of the Environment ongoing approval of multiple sources of pollution surrounding their Sarnia reserve violates their rights to life, liberty and security of the person and to equality”
“the Ontario Environmental Review Tribunal had granted neighbours of a cement manufacturing facility leave to appeal permits, issued by the Ministry of the Environment, allowing Lafarge to burn tires, as fuel, at its cement manufacturing facility…The Tribunal found there was a failure on the part of the Directors to take into account “environmental consistency”.. consistency means that facilities should be regulated as necessary to limit environmental effects to a consistent level across Ontario”
“Air and water pollution levels do vary from place to place– for example, mountains and forests typically have cleaner air than highways or industrial areas. Is it unreasonable for regulators to allow different levels of pollution in different places, and if so when? Does this contravene the preamble to Ontario’s Environmental Bill of Rights,1993, S.O. 1993, ch. 28: “The people of Ontario have a right to a healthful environment”? Or not?”
Related articles
- Sprawl and Health Impacts in Ontario, Canada (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Ambient Air Pollution in Canada and Environmental Pricing (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Environment Ontario to Assess Melancthon Quarry Proposal (indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com)
- Estimating the Risk of Death from Air Pollution (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Risk Assessment and Air Pollution Epidemiology (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Reviewing the air pollution death and health impact numbers and peer reviewed epidemiological studies (nextbigfuture.com)
- Assessment of Local Air Pollution Impacts on Health (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Neighbourhood-Scale Air Pollution Exposure, Walkability and Heart Disease (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
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Wednesday, December 7, 2011
The Health Impact of Emissions from Light Traffic
Heavy vehicle traffic is related to wheeze among schoolchildren: a population-based study in an area with low traffic flows ( 8 page pdf, Martin Andersson, Lars Modig, Linnea Hedman, Bertil Forsbergand Eva Rönmark, Environmental Health, Oct. 13, 2011,
The review today looks at research in northern Sweden and the health impact for children within 200 m of relatively low flows of traffic (100-250 vehicles per day). The results indicate a respiratory health risk, not only for those near low traffic but also a possibility of underestimated risks near high traffic flow.
Key Quotes:
“Asthma is a major public health issue, affecting 300 million people all ages world-wide”
“The present study is one of the very few that describe an association between traffic air pollution and symptoms of asthma in children in a cold climate setting with, in a global perspective, low traffic intensity and small socio-economic differences in the population”
“Exposure to high traffic flows was uncommon in the study area; only 15% of the children lived within 200 meters from a road with a traffic flow of ≥8000 vehicles per day”
“The unadjusted odds ratio for current wheeze when living closer than 200 m from a road with ≥500 heavy vehicles daily was 1.8.. This association became weaker but still significant, with decreasing frequency of heavy traffic flow”
“Children having high traffic flows within 200 meters from home, are most often exposed to higher levels of gases and particles, both refereeing to long- and short term exposures”
“By using three different cut-off levels within the 200 m radius we could show the importance of larger roads (≥250 vehicles per day) in comparison to using a lower cut-off (≥100 vehicles per day)”
“vehicle traffic emissions may pose a threat to public health also in large areas of the world where background pollution and traffic intensity are low and an even larger threat to respiratory health in highly trafficked communities where the risk may be underestimated”
The review today looks at research in northern Sweden and the health impact for children within 200 m of relatively low flows of traffic (100-250 vehicles per day). The results indicate a respiratory health risk, not only for those near low traffic but also a possibility of underestimated risks near high traffic flow.
Key Quotes:
“Asthma is a major public health issue, affecting 300 million people all ages world-wide”
“The present study is one of the very few that describe an association between traffic air pollution and symptoms of asthma in children in a cold climate setting with, in a global perspective, low traffic intensity and small socio-economic differences in the population”
“Exposure to high traffic flows was uncommon in the study area; only 15% of the children lived within 200 meters from a road with a traffic flow of ≥8000 vehicles per day”
“The unadjusted odds ratio for current wheeze when living closer than 200 m from a road with ≥500 heavy vehicles daily was 1.8.. This association became weaker but still significant, with decreasing frequency of heavy traffic flow”
“Children having high traffic flows within 200 meters from home, are most often exposed to higher levels of gases and particles, both refereeing to long- and short term exposures”
“By using three different cut-off levels within the 200 m radius we could show the importance of larger roads (≥250 vehicles per day) in comparison to using a lower cut-off (≥100 vehicles per day)”
“vehicle traffic emissions may pose a threat to public health also in large areas of the world where background pollution and traffic intensity are low and an even larger threat to respiratory health in highly trafficked communities where the risk may be underestimated”
Related articles
- Exposure of Schoolchildren to Traffic-Related Air Pollution (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Health Impacts from Road Traffic and Railway Noise (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Population, Traffic Density and Air Pollution in Large Cities (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Roadside Emission Impacts on Health in New Zealand (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Traffic Air and Sound Pollution Impacts on Blood Pressure and Hypertension (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Vehicle Emissions in Some Irish Cities (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Health Risks with Cycling near Traffic (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Population Exposure to Vehicle Emissions (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- EPA Statement on Health Impacts from Roadside NO2 Emissions (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
Tuesday, December 6, 2011
Health Impacts from Road Traffic and Railway Noise
Image via WikipediaExposure to road traffic and railway noise and associations with blood pressure and self-reported hypertension: a cohort study ( 11 page pdf, Mette Sørensen, Martin Hvidberg, Barbara Hoffmann, Zorana J Andersen, Rikke B Nordsborg, Kenneth G Lillelund, Jørgen Jakobsen, Anne Tjønneland, Kim Overvad and Ole Raaschou-Nielsen,Environmental Health, Oct. 28, 2011)Today we review some research from Denmark which tried to assess the impact of road traffic and railway noise on blood pressure and hypertension, after taking into account the additional impacts of air pollution. There was a weak link with both sources, although it was thought that those who were most sensitive to noise (especially seniors) may have taken medication that reduced the impacts, compared to non-medicated people.
Key Quotes:
“Exposure to noise can interfere with relaxation and concentration and during the night, noise exposure at normal urban levels has been associated with sleep disturbances”
“An overview from 2006 of the effects of exposure to transport noise (road, air and rail) on cardiovascular health concluded that transport noise is associated with hypertension, which has mostly been verified by later studies on road traffic noise”
“The few studies that have investigated effects of exposure to long-term air pollution on BP and hypertension has found air pollution to be positively associated with systolic and diastolic BP as well as with hypertension”
“The results suggest that exposure to road traffic noise is associated with a higher risk for hypertension both before and after adjustment for air pollution”
“Exposure to railway noise at enrolment of 60 dB or more was associated with an 8% higher risk for hypertension”
“long-term exposure to road traffic noise was weakly associated with a higher systolic BP”
“High blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and, therefore, even small increases in BP from road traffic noise may have high impact on public health”
Related articles
- Traffic Air and Sound Pollution Impacts on Blood Pressure and Hypertension (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Nighttime Noise and Blood Pressure (time.com)
- Exposure of Schoolchildren to Traffic-Related Air Pollution (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Noise and more noise in Hyderabad (thehindu.com)
Monday, December 5, 2011
Do the Suburbs Have a Future?
The Death of the Fringe Suburb (Christopher B. Leinberger, New York Times, Nov. 25, 2011)
Also discussed here: Here Comes the Neighborhood (Christopher B. Leinberger, The Atlantic, June 2010)
And here: The Future of the City- Special Report (The Atlantic, Jun. 8, 2010)
Today we look at the future of traditional North American cities with sprawling suburbs and large malls that can only be reached by car. Population trends toward an older society, the rise of carbon fuel costs and the desire for a better life style have shifted home buyers to the urban core from the suburban fringe- with huge impacts on what is left in the suburbs and the future priorities for transportation.
Key Quotes:
“It was predominantly the collapse of the car-dependent suburban fringe that caused the mortgage collapse”
“In the late 1990s, high-end outer suburbs contained most of the expensive housing in the United States, as measured by price per square foot…..Today, the most expensive housing is in the high-density, pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods of the center city and inner suburbs”
“Many boomers (born between 1946 and 1964) are now empty nesters and approaching retirement.. will downsize their housing in the near future. … live in a walkable urban downtown, a suburban town center or a small town”
“The millennials (born between 1979 and 1996) are just now beginning to emerge from the nest … favors urban downtowns and suburban town centers — for lifestyle reasons and the convenience of not having to own cars”
“only 12 percent of future homebuyers want the drivable suburban-fringe houses that are in such oversupply…Add the fact that the houses were built with cheap materials and methods to begin with, and you see why many fringe suburbs are turning into slums, with abandoned housing and rising crime”
“The cities and inner-ring suburbs that will be the foundation of the recovery require significant investment at a time of government retrenchment. Bus and light-rail systems, bike lanes and pedestrian improvements — what traffic engineers dismissively call “alternative transportation” — are vital”
Also discussed here: Here Comes the Neighborhood (Christopher B. Leinberger, The Atlantic, June 2010)
And here: The Future of the City- Special Report (The Atlantic, Jun. 8, 2010)
Today we look at the future of traditional North American cities with sprawling suburbs and large malls that can only be reached by car. Population trends toward an older society, the rise of carbon fuel costs and the desire for a better life style have shifted home buyers to the urban core from the suburban fringe- with huge impacts on what is left in the suburbs and the future priorities for transportation.
Key Quotes:
“It was predominantly the collapse of the car-dependent suburban fringe that caused the mortgage collapse”
“In the late 1990s, high-end outer suburbs contained most of the expensive housing in the United States, as measured by price per square foot…..Today, the most expensive housing is in the high-density, pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods of the center city and inner suburbs”
“Many boomers (born between 1946 and 1964) are now empty nesters and approaching retirement.. will downsize their housing in the near future. … live in a walkable urban downtown, a suburban town center or a small town”
“The millennials (born between 1979 and 1996) are just now beginning to emerge from the nest … favors urban downtowns and suburban town centers — for lifestyle reasons and the convenience of not having to own cars”
“only 12 percent of future homebuyers want the drivable suburban-fringe houses that are in such oversupply…Add the fact that the houses were built with cheap materials and methods to begin with, and you see why many fringe suburbs are turning into slums, with abandoned housing and rising crime”
“The cities and inner-ring suburbs that will be the foundation of the recovery require significant investment at a time of government retrenchment. Bus and light-rail systems, bike lanes and pedestrian improvements — what traffic engineers dismissively call “alternative transportation” — are vital”
Related articles
- Cities, Suburbs and Changing Attitudes (nytimes.com)
- "In the late 1990s, high-end outer suburbs contained most of the expensive housing in the United..." (stoweboyd.com)
- New York Times calls Pasadena a "Transforming Suburb" (downtownpasadena.wordpress.com)
- Is Suburbia Doomed? Not So Fast. (forbes.com)
- Urban Housing Prices Reveal Urban Shift (allaboutcities.ca)
- Fringe suburbs draw empty-nesters (urbanvista.net)
- America's 10 Poorest Suburbs (247wallst.com)
- The slow market residential suburbs (propellresearch.wordpress.com)
- Andrew's Dig: The Next Slum? (apalmini.wordpress.com)
Friday, December 2, 2011
Estimating the Risk of Death from Air Pollution
Assessment of Deaths Attributable to Air Pollution: Should We Use Risk Estimates based on Time Series or on Cohort Studies? ( 6 page pdf, N. Künzli, S. Medina, R. Kaiser, P. Quénel, F. Horak, Jr., and M. Studnicka, American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 153, No. 11, 2001)
Today’s review looks at an analysis of the two ways of estimating the risk of death from air pollution- as an event from immediate pre-death conditions over a short time (using time series) or as a cumulative result over a lifetime using cohort groups. The authors suggest that each risk estimate has value and each has strengths and weaknesses. The analysis could be useful in suggesting what and how often to monitor and how to use the data.
Key Quotes:
“The “frailty” concept is useful in acknowledging that, in most cases, the probability of death is influenced not by one single factor, e.g., air pollution, but rather by a function of a whole set of underlying conditions or risk factors”
“Time-series studies model the association between the probability of death and the level of air pollution shortly before the event”
“Cohort studies model the association between an exposure and time to death. Thus, in cohort studies, time is the outcome measure of interest.. the cohort study design requires a setting with spatial variability of long term exposure”
“several patterns of exposure may influence time to death:
“assuming the availability of long term air pollutant monitoring data, exposure may be defined for different periods of life and for a variety of patterns (e.g., number of peaks, seasonal averages, cumulative exposure, etc.)”
“both types of air pollution mortality studies— the time-series approach and the cohort approach—are of value in air pollution epidemiology. However, they measure two different aspects of mortality that are not interchangeable”
Today’s review looks at an analysis of the two ways of estimating the risk of death from air pollution- as an event from immediate pre-death conditions over a short time (using time series) or as a cumulative result over a lifetime using cohort groups. The authors suggest that each risk estimate has value and each has strengths and weaknesses. The analysis could be useful in suggesting what and how often to monitor and how to use the data.
Key Quotes:
“The “frailty” concept is useful in acknowledging that, in most cases, the probability of death is influenced not by one single factor, e.g., air pollution, but rather by a function of a whole set of underlying conditions or risk factors”
“Time-series studies model the association between the probability of death and the level of air pollution shortly before the event”
“Cohort studies model the association between an exposure and time to death. Thus, in cohort studies, time is the outcome measure of interest.. the cohort study design requires a setting with spatial variability of long term exposure”
“several patterns of exposure may influence time to death:
- a single exposure occurring once in the past over a short period of time (e.g., an accidental spill);
- repeated exposures of short duration;
- continuous exposure over a longer period of time;
- a pattern of short term exposure just before death; or
- a combination of all of the above”
- air pollution increases both the risk of underlying diseases leading to frailty and the short term risk of death among the frail;
- air pollution increases the risk of chronic diseases leading to frailty but is unrelated to timing of death;
- air pollution is unrelated to risk of chronic diseases but short term exposure increases mortality among persons who are frail; and
- neither underlying chronic disease nor the event of death is related to air pollution exposure”
“assuming the availability of long term air pollutant monitoring data, exposure may be defined for different periods of life and for a variety of patterns (e.g., number of peaks, seasonal averages, cumulative exposure, etc.)”
“both types of air pollution mortality studies— the time-series approach and the cohort approach—are of value in air pollution epidemiology. However, they measure two different aspects of mortality that are not interchangeable”
Related articles
- Air Pollution Preconditions for Heart Attacks (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Air Pollution Exposure and the Health of Neighbourhoods in Ottawa, Canada (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- The State of Air Pollution in Europe (pollutionfree.wordpress.com)
- Reviewing the air pollution death and health impact numbers and peer reviewed epidemiological studies (nextbigfuture.com)
Thursday, December 1, 2011
The Health Impact of Indoor Air Pollution
Image via WikipediaMethod to Estimate the Chronic Health Impact of Air Pollutants in U.S. Residences (29 page pdf, Logue JM, Price PN, Sherman MH, Singer BC, Environ Health Perspect, Nov.17, 2011)Today we review research into indoor air quality as it effects health on a long term basis. The main sources of the three main pollutants (aside from radon), formaldehyde, acrolein and particulate matter are emitted from materials around the house and from tobacco smoking- with some PM coming from outdoor sources. The total health impact is 1,100 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)
Key Quotes:
“Air pollutant concentrations in many homes exceed health-based standards for chronic and acute exposures…Americans spend more than 65% of their time in residences”
“In this study we combined disease incidence and DALY-based health impact models to develop a methodology to estimate the population average health costs due to chronic inhalation of a broad suite of air pollutants in U.S. residences..to assess population health impacts of large-scale initiatives – including energy efficiency upgrades and ventilation standards – that affect indoor air quality”
“Our analysis demonstrates that in the majority of U.S. residences PM2.5, acrolein, and formaldehyde dominate health impacts due to chronic exposures to non-biological air pollutants”
Related articles
- Investigate Your Indoor Air Quality (everydayhealth.com)
- Indoor Air Quality: The Trouble With Carpeting (everydayhealth.com)
- Asthma and Indoor Air Pollution (everydayhealth.com)
- Breathe Easier - Tips for Better Indoor Air Quality in Winter (notdabblinginnormal.wordpress.com)
- What Is Green Home Carpeting and Upkeep? (bigsexymedia.com)
- Spa alert: Aromatherapy may cause poor indoor air quality (electrocorpairpurification.wordpress.com)
Wednesday, November 30, 2011
Where are Cars Going Globally in the next 15 years?
Automotive landscape 2025: Opportunities and challenges ahead (90 page pdf, Ralf Kalmbach, Dr. Wolfgang Bernhart, Philipp Grosse Kleimann, Dr. Marcus Hoffmann, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, March 2011)
The report reviewed today looks at the major global trends expected –geopolitical and population shifts , environmental trends, technology- and what they imply:“the automotive industry will undergo the greatest transformation it has experienced in its history”. A major aspect is the growth of China, both in population terms and as an automobile manufacturer and consumer. A second major aspect is the degree of connectivity between the internet and the new technology built into future cars.
Key Quotes:
“Five megatrends
“The Budget scenario describes a world in which the purchasing power of customers is strongly reduced due to taxes and inflation combined with low income growth…a high degree of simple, no-frills technology and limited standard equipment levels, enabling a low-cost position”
“The Sustainability scenario describes a world in which consumer behavior is strongly influenced by regulation, legislation and tax…Successful products will be zeroor low-emission vehicles and mobility solutions, allowing intelligent traffic management”
“the automotive sector is becoming glo/cal. The term glo/cal refers to adapting a global framework to local particularities”
The report reviewed today looks at the major global trends expected –geopolitical and population shifts , environmental trends, technology- and what they imply:“the automotive industry will undergo the greatest transformation it has experienced in its history”. A major aspect is the growth of China, both in population terms and as an automobile manufacturer and consumer. A second major aspect is the degree of connectivity between the internet and the new technology built into future cars.
Key Quotes:
“Five megatrends
- Geopolitical change: Asia will continue to grow stronger, regionalism will increase and regulations will support geopolitical interests.. By 2025 China will be the world's second-largest economy in terms of purchasing power. The USA will remain in first place and India will come third.
- Changing demographics: More, older, urban.. In 2025 Japan is still expected to have the highest median age, at around 51, followed by Western Europe, at around 46…By 2025 one in six people worldwide will be aged 60 or over. In industrialized countries the ratio will be even more dramatic: no less than one in three people will have reached retirement age.
- Sustainability: Environmental awareness on the rise.. Annual CO2 emissions have been rising and are predicted to continue rising over the next decades. An increase of around 30% is forecasted for the period 2007 to 2025… the two biggest sectors causing CO2 emissions: power generation (forecast 38% increase) and transport 29%)
- Evolution of mobility: Motorization will increase and low-cost cars will meet the demand for basic transportation, but younger people in metropolitan areas will lose interest in cars.. Total passenger travel with motorized modes is expected to rise from 6,000 km to 9,000 km per person per year.
- Changing technology: Electric, electronic, online…gasoline/diesel will remain the most important fuel, with a share of 65-85%. However, even this represents a significant decline from its current level of over 90%...Electricity is expected to grow strongly, from its current niche level up to 3-12% in 2025.
“The Budget scenario describes a world in which the purchasing power of customers is strongly reduced due to taxes and inflation combined with low income growth…a high degree of simple, no-frills technology and limited standard equipment levels, enabling a low-cost position”
“The Sustainability scenario describes a world in which consumer behavior is strongly influenced by regulation, legislation and tax…Successful products will be zeroor low-emission vehicles and mobility solutions, allowing intelligent traffic management”
“the automotive sector is becoming glo/cal. The term glo/cal refers to adapting a global framework to local particularities”
Related articles
- Motor trade insurance holders see vehicle output soar (premierlinedirect.co.uk)
- As the U.S. Approaches Durban, Administration Pushes for More Domestic Pollution Cuts (thinkprogress.org)
- New CAFE rules nearly double fuel economy by 2025 (reviews.cnet.com)
- New CAFE rules nearly double fuel economy by 2025 (reviews.cnet.com)
- White House reveals plans to boost cars' fuel efficiency (guardian.co.uk)
- Wheels: Consulting Group Says E.V.'s Are Not Needed to Curb Greenhouse Emissions (wheels.blogs.nytimes.com)
- Green cars in spotlight at waning Japan auto show (seattletimes.nwsource.com)
- Environment: 54.5 mpg and counting ... (summitcountyvoice.com)
- A Push To Make Gasoline Engines More Efficient (npr.org)
- Watching The Wheels Come Off The Green Machine (forbes.com)
- Gujarat, an emerging global automobile manufacturing hub: Modi (thehindu.com)
- UK Car Industry Turnover Rises To £49bn (news.sky.com)
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